Cofilin-1 (UniProt P23528; also known as 18 kDa phosphoprotein, Cofilin non-muscle isoform, p18) is encoded by the CFL1 (also known as CFL) gene (Gene ID 1072) in human. Cofilin-1 (non-muscle cofilin), cofilin-2 (muscle cofilin), and actin-depolymeri
Cofilin-1 (UniProt P23528; also known as 18 kDa phosphoprotein, Cofilin non-muscle isoform, p18) is encoded by the CFL1 (also known as CFL) gene (Gene ID 1072) in human. Cofilin-1 (non-muscle cofilin), cofilin-2 (muscle cofilin), and actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) play an essential role in regulating actin filament dynamics and reorganization by stimulating the severance and depolymerization of actin filaments. The three cofilin family members share 70% to 81% sequence identity, exhibit similar biological functions, and display distinct but overlapping expression patterns. Cofilins and ADF bind actin monomers and filaments (G-actin and F-actin) and increase the number of actin monomers and filament fragments, facilitating filament turnover and treadmilling at key locations in migrating cells. Cofilins and ADF are inactivated by phosphorylation at Ser3 by LIM-kinases (LIMKs) and testicular protein kinases (TESKs) and are reactivated by dephosphorylation by the slingshot (SSH) family of protein phosphatases and chronophin. Cfl1-knockout results in mouse embryonic lethality at E11.5 12.5 due to aberrant neural tube closure and defective neural crest cell migration, while Adf-deficient mice are viable with normal brain appearance, but suffer from corneal defects that cause blindness in adult mice.
Actins are globular multi-functional proteins that serve as the basic building blocks of cytoskeletal microfilaments and are among the most conserved eukaryotic proteins. Six actin types exist, skeletal muscle alpha-actin (ACTA1), smooth muscle alpha
Lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2 (UniProt: Q13094; also known as Lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2, SH2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa, SLP-76 tyrosine phosphoprotein, SLP76) is encoded by the gene LCP2 (Gene ID 3937) in human. SLP-76 is a
DNA topoisomerase 2-binding protein 1 (UniProt Q92547; also known as DNA topoisomerase II-beta-binding protein 1, DNA topoisomerase II-binding protein 1, TopBP1) is encoded by the TOPBP1 (also known as KIAA0259) gene (Gene ID 11073) in human. Timely
VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGFA, VEGF-A), a dimeric ligand, is among the most potent angiogenic factor. VEGF is secreted by tumor cells and other cells exposed to hypoxia. VEGF is a highly specific mitogen for vascular endothelial cel
Transcription factor SOX-9 (UniProt P48436; also known as Sex-determining region Y-box 9 protein, SRY-related HMG-box gene 9) is encoded by the SOX9 (also known as CMD1, CMPD1, SRA1) gene (Gene ID 6662) in human. Sox family of genes are related to th
Oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (UniProt Q9EQW6; also known as bHLHe19, Olig-2, Oligo2, RACK17, RK17) is encoded by the Olig2 (also known as Bhlhb1) gene (Gene ID 50913) in murine species. Olig2 is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription
Interleukin-1 beta (UniProt; also known as IL-1 beta, IL-1b, IL-1beta) is encoded by the Il1b gene (Gene ID 16176) in murine species. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a cytokine that plays a central role in the regulation of acute and chronic inflammation. Tw
Androgen receptor (UniProt P15207; also known as Dihydrotestosterone receptor, Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 4) is encoded by the Ar (also known as Andr, Nr3c4, Tfm) gene (Gene ID 24208) in rat species. Androgen receptor (AR) is a hormo