Bovine Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells: BBMVEC (Cryovial)

BBMVEC provide an excellent model system to study many aspects of endothelial function and disease, especially those related to the blood-brain barrier (BBB).BBMVEC have been utilized extensively in research, for example to:. Show, along with Bovine Aortic Endothelial Cells, that brain microvasculature is more sensitive to pathogenesis, compared to large vessel endothelia, by demonstrating that C-reactive protein (CRP), a cardiovascular risk factor, induces higher oxidative stress in the brain microvasculature due to higher local expression of the CRP-receptors CD16, CD32 and of the NAD(P)H-oxidase subunit p22phox (Closhen, 2010) and that brain microvascular endothelial cells show higher sensitivity to oxidative stress generated by advanced glycation end products due to stronger VEGF expression leading to increased permeability (Niiya, 2006, 2012); illustrating another difference between endothelia, alkalosis was shown to activate ERK in aortic, but not brain microvascular endothelial cells (Motz, 2006). Show that stronger blood-brain barrier (BBB) function can result from shear stress which acts through VE-cadherin mediated activation of Tiam/Rac1 pathway (Walsh, 2011) which in turn leads to upregulation of occludin and ZO-1 expression and increases their localization to tight junctions (Colgan, 2006, 2007) and by fluvastatin, which activates NO synthase and causes NO-dependent dephosphorylation of endothelial MLC via the MLC phosphatase (Kuhlmann, 2006), and is able to prevent glutamate-induced damage to the BBB (Kuhlmann, 2008); conversely, BBB breaks down under hypoxic conditions and as the result to CRP exposure due to MLCK and NADPH-oxidase activation, indicating that increased contractility and oxidative stress are involved in development of post-stroke brain edema (Kuhlmann, 2007, 2009). Support the key role of ROS by showing that activation of antioxidant genes by Nrf2 reduces brain vascular leak from acute high altitude exposure known to induce ROS (Lisk, 2013);. Determine that IL-1beta, ZYM, and LTA increase the permeability of the BBB to small ions, while TNF-alpha and lipopolysaccharide disrupt the endothelial layer integrity to allow passage of larger molecules (Pyrgos, 2010). Investigate the role of basolateral environment in modulating BBB by regulating expression and biochemical properties of the tight junction proteins, occludin and ZO-1 (Colgan, 2008). Show that during cerebral ischemia increased expression of TWEAK and Fn14 in the endothelial-astrocyte interface facilitating leukocyte transmigration and recruitment to the ischemic tissue (Haile, 2010). Study the mechanisms of BBB penetration by fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans during invasive cryptococcosis (Stie, 2012a, b). Demonstrate opposite effects of two osteoponin isoforms on the angiogenesis in the in vitro capillary assay and VEGF secretion by endothelial cells (Blasberg, 2010). Demonstrate that apigenin, a dietary flavonoid, activates Ca2+-activated K+ channels in endothelial cells leading to a hyperpolarization followed by a Ca2+ influx causing increased NO production followed by Akt dephosphorylation (Erdogan, 2007);. Investigate the mechanisms of accumulation and effects of amyloid deposits on brain vasculature in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (Kandimalla, 2009; Agyare, 2013). Develop gene and drug delivery methods for crossing the BBB based on polymer-based nanoparticles (Agyare, 2008; Gil, 2009, 2012) or adenovirus or gold nanoparticles modified to be transported via transcytosis pathway (Tang, 2006; Prades, 2012), as well as to improve the general drug loading/delivery stealth dendrimer carriers (Yang, 2008)